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Fachbereich 11 - Human- und Gesundheitswissenschaften (FB 11): PPPD

Forschung

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Unsere Forschung

Lernen Sie unsere Forschungsschwerpunkte, -kollaborationen und -projekte kennen.

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Forschungsschwerpunkte

1. Beschreibung und Erkl?rung von individuellen Unterschieden und sozialer Ungleichheit

Diese AG besch?ftigt sich grundlegend mit der Beschreibung und Diagnostik von Pers?nlichkeitsunterschieden vor dem Hintergrund eines komplexen, systemischen und dynamischen Verst?ndnisses von Pers?nlichkeit mit ihren (A) affektiven, (B) behavioralen, (C) kognitiven und (D) dynamisch-motivationalen Komponenten. In der Diagnostik wird gro?er Wert auf akkurate Pers?nlichkeitsmessung gelegt. Die ?bereinstimmung und die Spezifit?ten von verschiedenen diagnostischen Zugangswegen (z. B. Selbsteinsch?tzung und Fremdwahrnehmungen) nehmen hierbei einen gro?en Stellenwert ein. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden unter anderem globale Pers?nlichkeitsdimensionen, sozio-politische Orientierungen und Einstellungen, Werte und Moralit?t, Interessen, Kompetenzen und auch individuelle Selbstkonzepte von Menschen hinsichtlich ihrer genetischen Faktoren und biologischen Korrelate (z. B. Hormone) einerseits und ihrer Beeinflussbarkeit durch situative Faktoren (z. B. Lebensereignisse) und Kontexte (z. B. wichtige Bezugspersonen) andererseits untersucht. Darüber hinaus wird die Bedeutung dieser interindividuellen Unterschiede für soziale Ungleichheit und Wohlbefinden beleuchtet.

2. Muster und Quellen der Pers?nlichkeitsentwicklung über die Lebensspanne

Die AG betrachtet die gesamte Lebensspanne und untersucht wie sich Pers?nlichkeitscharakteristika in Abh?ngigkeit verschiedener Lebensphasen entwickeln. Dabei geht es darum, wie genetische, biologische und Umweltfaktoren sowie deren komplexes Zusammen- und Wechselspiel die Entwicklungsmuster erkl?ren k?nnen. Auch hier spielt akkurate Diagnostik individueller Besonderheiten und Umwelten eine gro?e Rolle. Auf dieser Grundlage wird untersucht wann, wie und warum sich Pers?nlichkeitsunterschiede zwischen Menschen entfalten, reduzieren, stabilisieren und auch destabilisieren. Diese Muster und deren zugrundeliegenden Quellen werden auch hinsichtlich ihrer Bedeutung für die Gesundheit in verschiedenen Altersgruppen untersucht.

3. Modellierung und Analyse komplexer L?ngsschnitt- und Beziehungsdaten

Um den oben erl?uterten Forschungsschwerpunkten gerecht zu werden, müssen komplexe Forschungsdesigns realisiert (z. B. Paardyaden-, Zwillingsfamilien-, und L?ngsschnittdesigns) und verschiedene Daten erhoben (z. B. Multi-Method-Daten, biologische Marker und akkurate Umweltma?e) werden. Zur Analyse dieser multimodalen Daten nutzen wir ein umfassendes quantitativ-methodisches Know-How. Das Spektrum der AG beinhaltet unter anderem Strukturgleichungs- und Mehrebenenmodellierung sowie Analysemethoden zur Ableitung (quasi-)kausaler Inferenz. Somit bildet dieser dritte Schwerpunkt das methodische Fundament für die anderen Schwerpunkte.

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Forschungsprojekte und -kollaborationen

DFG-Projekt SPeADy – Study of Personality Architecture and Dynamics

DFG-Langfristvorhaben TWINLIFE – Genetic and Social Causes of Life Chances 

Personality Change Consortium

CODATwins – Collaborative Project of Development of Anthropometrical Measures in Twins

Publikationen

In press

  • Stern, J., Koval, P., & Blake, K. (in press). Patterns in affect and personality states across the menstrual cycle. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
  • Stern, J.*, Kr?mer, M. D.*, Schumacher, A., MacDonald, G., & Richter, D. (in press). Differences between lifelong singles and ever-partnered individuals in Big Five personality traits and life satisfaction. Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976241286865 (*shared first authors)
  • Zapko-Willmes, A., & Theocharis, Y. (2024). Accounting for the association between socioeconomic status and youth political participation: A twin family study. Political Psychology, 00, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12987
  • Kandler, C., Kühn, S., M?nkediek, B., Forstner, A., & Bleidorn, W. (in press). A multidisciplinary perspective on person-environment fit: Relevance, measurement, and future directions. Current Directions in Psychological Science https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214241242451
  • Gloy, K., & Kandler, C. (in press). Was misst der Wahl-O-Mat? Eine explorative Faktorenanalyse zur Validit?t des Wahl-O-Mat als diagnostisches Instrument der politischen Orientierung. Diagnostica https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924/a000330
  • Jaeger, B., Sleegers, W. W. A., Stern, J., Penke, L., & Jones, A. L. (in press). Testing perceiver’s accuracy and accuracy awareness when forming personality impressions from faces.European Journal of Personality. https://doi.org/10.1177/08902070231225728
  • Gloy, K., Marzuki, A. A., Schaefer, A., Jenkins, M., de Vries, I. E. J., Phon-Amnuaisuk, P., Lim, S. X. L., Wong, K. Y., Enge, S., Michael, L., Kühnel, A., Depow, G. J., Inzlicht, M., Oldemburgo de Mello, Arriaga, P., Frade, S., Jeronimo, R., Garrison, K., Wahlers, J., Karen, A., … Kandler, C. (in principle acceptance). Revisiting the neurocognitive correlates of the behavioral inhibition and activation systems. Stage 1 Registered Report. Cortex. https://osf.io/v39g8
  • Marzuki, A. A., Gloy, K., Kandler, C., Phon-Amnuaisuk, P., Jenkins, M., Wong, K. Y., Lim, S. X. L., Yip, W. Z., Garrison, K., Tullett, A., Wahlers, J., Akin, K., Arriaga, P., Frade, S., Jerónimo, R., de Mello, V. O., Depow, G. J., Inzlicht, M., Enge, S., Michael, L., … Schaefer, A. (in principle acceptance).  Error- and inhibitory-related brain activity associated with political ideology: A multi-site replication study. Stage 1 Registered Report. Cortex.  https://psyarxiv.com/39vqj

  • Stern, J., Schild, C., & Zettler, I. (in press). Revisiting the relation between steroid hormones and unethicality in an exploratory, longitudinal study with female participants. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.  https://doi.org/ 10.1177/01461672231199961

2024

  • Stern, J.* & Casto, K.* (2024). Salivary Testosterone Across the Menstrual Cycle. Hormones and Behavior, 164, 105608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105608 * shared first authorship

  • Zetzsche, M., Wei?, B. M., Kücklich, M., Stern, J., Birkemeyer, C., Widdig, A., & Penke, L. (2024). Combined perceptual and chemical analyses show no compelling evidence for ovulatory cycle shifts in women’s axillary odour. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 291, 20232712. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.2712

  • Driebe, J. C., Stern, J., Penke, L., & Gerlach, T.M. (2024). Probing the Predictive Validity of Ideal Partner Preferences for Future Partner Traits and Relationship Outcomes Across 13 Years. European Journal of Personality. https://doi.org/10.1177/08902070231213797

  • Driebe, J. C., Stern, J., Penke, L., & Gerlach, T. M. (2024). Stability and Change of Individual Differences in Ideal Partner Preferences over 13 Years. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672231164757

  • Schleifenbaum, L., Stern, J., Driebe, J. C., Wieczorek, L. L., Gerlach, T. M., Arslan, R. C., & Penke, L. (2024). Ovulatory cycle shifts in human motivational prioritization of sex and food. Hormones and Behavior, 162, 105542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105542

  • Kandler, C. (2024). Capturing true life-event effects on personality change: A potential solution in a nutshell. Comment on Bühler et al.: Life events and personality change: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Personality, 38, 576-578. https://doi.org/10.1177/08902070231211207

  • Instinske, J., & Kandler, C. (2024). Structure and sources of core self-evaluations: Construct validation using multi-rater and genetically informative designs. European Journal of Personality, 38(3), 516–533. https://doi.org/10.1177/08902070231176690

  • Wiechers, Y., & Kandler, C. (2024). Psychometric Quality of the German HEXACO-60 Personality Inventory-Revised. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000812

  • Stern, J., Ostermann, S., & Penke, L. (2024). Investigating Cycle Shifts in Women’s Clothing Style and Grooming. British Journal of Social Psychology, 63, 378-402. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12681

  • Kandler, C., Zapko-Willmes, A., & Rauthmann, J. F. (2024). Broad and narrow environmental and genetic sources of personality differences: An extended twin family study. Journal of Personality, 92, 55-72.https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12777

  • Instinske, J., & Kandler, C. (2024). Does emotional stability form the core of self-evaluations? A multi-rater cross-lagged panel study. Journal of Research in Personality, 108, 104451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2023.104451

2023

  • Deppe, M., & Zapko-Willmes, A., (2023). Youth depression symptoms during COVID-19. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 231, 126-136. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000521

  • Stern, J., Hildebrand, T., & Casto, K. (2023). Women’s intrasexual competitiveness and jealousy across the ovulatory cycle – a hormone-based study. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 14, 647-661.https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506221117712

  • Wiechers, Y., Zapko-Willmes, A., Richter, J., & Kandler, C. (2023). The longitudinal and multi-rater age groups study of personality architecture and dynamics (SPeADy).Personality Science,4, e6421. https://doi.org/10.5964/ps.6421

  • Rohm, T., Andreas, A., Deppe, M., Eichhorn, H., Instinske, J., Klatzka, C. H., Kottwitz, A., Krell, K., M?nkediek, B., Paulus, L., Piesch, S., Ruks, M., Starr, A., Weigel, L., Diewald, M., Kandler, C., Riemann, R., & Spinath, F. M. (2023). Data from the German TwinLife Study: Genetic and Social Origins of Educational Predictors, Processes, and Outcomes. Journal of Open Psychology Data, 11: 4, pp. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.5334/jopd.78

  • Stern, J. & Penke, L. (2023). Ovulatory cycle effects and hormonal influences on women’s mating psychology. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Human Mating (1st ed.), pp. 739-755. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197536438.013.13

  • Arslan, R.C., Blake, K., Botzet, L.J., Bürkner, P.-C., DeBruine, L., Fiers, T., Grebe, N., Hahn, A., Jones, B.C., Marcinkowska, U.M., Mumford, S.L., Penke, L., Roney, J.R., Schisterman, E.F., & Stern, J. (2023). Not within spitting distance: salivary immunoassays of estradiol have subpar validity for predicting cycle phase.Psychoneuroendocrinology, 149, 105994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105994

  • Rafiee, Y., Stern, J., Ostner, J., Penke, L., & Schacht, A. (2023). Does emotion recognition change across phases of the ovulatory cycle? Psychoneuroendocrinology, 148, 105977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105977

2022

  • Diewald, M., Kandler, C., Riemann, R., Spinath, F. M., Andreas, A., Baier, T., Bartling, A., Baum, M. A., Deppe, M., Eichhorn, H., Eifler, E. F., Gottschling, J., Hahn, E., Hildebrandt, J., Hufer-Thamm, A., Instinske, J., Kornadt, A. E., Kottwitz, A., Krell, K., . . . Weigel, L. (2022). TwinLife. GESIS Data Archive. ZA6701, Data file Version 6.1.0. https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13987

  • Schild, C., Braunsdorf, E., Steffens, K., Pott, F., & Stern, J. (2022). Gender and context-specific effects of vocal dominance and trustworthiness on leadership decisions. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 8, 538 – 556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40750-022-00194-8

  • Rode, T., Kordsmeyer, T. L., & Stern, J. (2022). The relationship between body morphology and narcissism at zero acquaintance.Collabra: Psychology, 8, 37150. https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.37150

  • Kandler, C., & Rauthmann, J. F. (2022). Conceptualizing and studying characteristics, units, and fits of persons and environments: A coherent synthesis. European Journal of Personality, 36, 293-318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08902070211048728 à Important Supplement: Introduction to the Latent Adaptation-State-Trait (LAST) Approach. https://osf.io/k4j8h/

  • Ausmees, L., Kandler, C., Realo, A., Allik, J., Borkenau, P., H?ebí?ková, M., & M?ttus (2022). Age differences in personality traits and social desirability: A multi-rater multi-sample study. Journal of Research in Personality, 99, 104245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104245

  • Fajkowska, M., Zawadski, B., de Pascalis, V., & Kandler, C. (2022). Regulative Theory of Temperament: Recent advances and future developments. – Editorial: Temperament in the contemporary science of personality: Tribute to Jan Strelau. Personality and Individual Differences, 196, 111730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111730

  • Schleifenbaum, L., Stern, J. Driebe, J. C., Wieczorek, L. L., Gerlach, T. M., Arslan, R. C., & Penke, L. (2022). Men are not aware of and do not respond to their female partner’s fertility status: Evidence from a dyadic diary study of 384 couples. Hormones and Behavior, 143, 105202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105202

  • Riemann, R., & Kandler, C. (2022). XI. Biologische Grundlagen politischen Handelns und politischer Einstellungen. In: S. Zmerli & O. Feldman (Hrsg.),Politische Psychologie: Handbuch für Wissenschaft und Studium, 2. aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage (S. 229-250),Nomos. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748910121-229

  • Kandler, C., Riemann, R., & Hufer-Thamm, A. (2022). IV. Pers?nlichkeit und Politik. In: S. Zmerli & O. Feldman (Hrsg.),Politische Psychologie: Handbuch für Wissenschaft und Studium, 2. aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage (S. 61-82), Nomos. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748910121-61

  • Stern, J., Arslan, R. C., & Penke, L. (2022). Stability and validity of steroid hormones in hair and saliva across two ovulatory cycles. Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology, 9, 100114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100114

  • Stern, J. & Shiramizu, V. (2022). Hormones, ovulatory cycle phase and pathogen disgust: A longitudinal investigation of the Compensatory Prophylaxis Hypothesis. Hormones and Behavior, 138, 105103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105103

2021

  • Kandler, C., Bratko, D., Butkovi?, A., Vukasovic-Hlupi?, T., Tybur, J. M., Wesseldijk, L., de Vries, R. E., Jern, P., & Lewis, G. J. (2021). How genetic and environmental variance in personality traits shift across the lifespan: Evidence from a cross-national twin study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 121, 1079-1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000366

  • Arum?e, K., Briley, D., Colodro-Conde, L., Mortensen, E., Jang, K., Ando, J., Kandler, C., S?rensen, T., Dagher, A., M?ttus, R., & Vainik, U. (2021). Two genetic analyses to elucidate causality between body mass index and personality. International Journal of Obesity, 45, 2244-2251. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-021-00885-4

  • Silventoinen, K., Bogl, L. H., Jelenkovic, A., Vuoksimaa, E., Latvala, A., …, Kandler, C., …, Kaprio, J. (2021). Educational attainment of same-sex and opposite-sex dizygotic twins: an individual level pooled study of 19 twin cohorts. Hormones and Behavior, 136, 105054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105054

  • Bleidorn, W., Hopwood, C. J., Back, M. D., Denissen, J. J. A., Hennecke, M., Hill, P. L., Jokela, M., Kandler, C., Lucas, R. E., Luhmann, M., Orth, U., Roberts, B. W., Wagner, J., Wrzus, C., & Zimmermann, J. (2021). Personality trait stability and change. Personality Science, 2, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.5964/ps.6009

  • Zapko-Willmes, A., Schwartz, S. H., Richter, J., & Kandler, C. (2021). Basic value orientations and moral foundations: Convergent or discriminant constructs? Journal of Research in Personality, 92, 104099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104099

  • Kandler, C., Zapko-Willmes, A., Richter, J., & Riemann, R. (2021). Synergistic and dynamic genotype-environment interplays in the development of personality differences. In: J. F. Rauthmann (ed.), The Handbook of Personality Dynamics and Processes (pp. 155-181). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813995-0.00007-8

  • Richter, J., Zimmermann, J., Neyer, F. J., & Kandler, C. (2021). Do sojourn effects on personality trait changes last? A five-year longitudinal study. European Journal of Personality, 35, 358-382. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2291

  • Kandler, C. (2021). A meta-analytic review of nature and nurture in religiousness across the lifespan. Current Opinion in Psychology, 40, 106-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.09.011

2020

  • Back, M. D., & Kandler, C. (2020). Special Issue: Objections to the HEXACO model of personality structure—and why those objections fail – Editorial: Some thoughts on the relevance, future prospects, and politics of structural personality research. European Journal of Personality, 34, 489-491. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2298

  • Wagner, J., Orth, U., Bleidorn, W., Hopwood, C. J., & Kandler, C. (2020). Towards an integrative model of sources of personality stability and change. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29, 438-444. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721420924751

  • Bleidorn, W., Hill, P. L., Back, M. D., Denissen, J. J. A., Hennecke, M., Hopwood, C. J., Jokela, M., Kandler, C., Lucas, R. E., Luhmann, M., Orth, U., Wagner, J., Wrzus, C., Zimmermann, J., & Roberts, B. W. (2020). Why stop at two opinions? – A reply to McCrae. American Psychologist, 75, 731–732. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000676

  • Silventoinen, K., Jelenkovic, A., Sund, R., Latvala, A., Honda, C., …, Kandler, C., …, Kaprio, J. (2020). Genetic and environmental variation in educational attainment: An individual-based analysis of 28 twin cohorts. Scientific Reports, 10, 12681. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69526-6

  • Bleidorn, W., Hopwood, C. J., Back, M. D., Denissen, J. J. A., Hennecke, M., Jokela, M., Kandler, C., Lucas, R. E., Luhmann, M., Orth, U., Roberts, B. W., Wagner, J., Wrzus, C., & Zimmermann, J. (2020). Longitudinal Experience-Wide Association Studies (LEWAS) – A framework for studying personality change. European Journal of Personality, 34, 285-300.https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2247

  • Bell, E., Dawes, C., Weinschenk, A., Riemann, R., & Kandler, C. (2020). Patterns and sources of the association between intelligence, party identification, and political orientations. Intelligence, 81, 101457.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2020.101457
  • Kandler, C., & Piepenburg, A. (2020). Leisure interests and engagement: Distinct dispositions or only expressions of personality traits? Journal of Individual Differences, 41, 101-109.https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000308
  • Hufer, A., Kornadt, A. E., Kandler, C., & Riemann, R. (2020). Genetic and environmental variation in political orientation in adolescence and early adulthood: a nuclear twin family analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118, 762-776.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000258
  • Nikstat, A., Weitk?mper, A. & Kandler, C. (2020). Kurzversion des Fragebogeninventars für Freizeitinteressen (FIFI-K). Zusammenstellung sozialwissenschaftlicher Items und Skalen (ZIS). https://doi.org/10.6102/zis276
  • Bleidorn, W., Hopwood, C. J., Ackerman, R. A., Witt, E. A., Kandler, C., Riemann, R., Samuel, D. B., Donnellan, B. M. (2020). The healthy personality from a basic trait perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118, 1207-1225.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000231

2019

  • Kandler, C., Penner, A., Richter, J., & Zapko-Willmes, A. (2019). The Study of Personality Architecture and Dynamics (SPeADy): A longitudinal and extended twin family study. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 22, 548-553.https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2019.62
  • Silventoinen, K., Jelenkovic, A., Yokohama, Y., Sund, R., Sugawara, M., …, Kandler, C., …, Kaprio, J. (2019). The CODATwins Project: the current status and recent findings of COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 22, 800-808. https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2019.35
  • Bleidorn, W., Hill, P. L., Back, M. D., Denissen, J. J. A., Hennecke, M., Hopwood, C. J., Jokela, M., Kandler, C., Lucas, R. E., Luhmann, M., Orth, U., Wagner, J., Wrzus, C., Zimmermann, J., & Roberts, B. (2019). The policy relevance of personality traits. American Psychologist, 74, 1056-1067.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000503
  • M?ttus, R., Sinick, J., Terracciano, A., H?ebí?ková, M., Kandler, C., Ando, J., Mortensen, E. L., Colodro-Conde, L., & Jang, K. L. (2019). Personality characteristics below facets: A replication and meta-analysis of cross-rater agreement, rank-order stability, heritability and utility of personality nuances. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117, e35-e50.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000202
  • Kandler, C., Richter, J., & Zapko-Willmes, A. (2019). The nature and nurture of HEXACO personality trait differences: An extended twin family study. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 227, 195-206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000378
  • Vainik, U., Dagher, A., Realo, A., Colodro-Conde, L., Mortensen, E. L., Jang, K. L., Ando, J., Kandler, C., S?rensen, T. I. A., & M?ttus, R. (2019). Personality-obesity associations are driven by narrow traits: A meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews, 20, 1121-1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/obr.12856
  • Kandler, C., Waaktaar, T., M?ttus, R., Riemann, R., & Torgersen, S. (2019). Unravelling the interplay between genetic and environmental contributions in the unfolding of personality differences from early adolescence to young adulthood. European Journal of Personality, 33, 221-244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2189
  • Weinschenk, A., Dawes, C., Kandler, C., Bell, E., & Riemann, R. (2019). New evidence on the link between genes, psychological traits, and political engagement. Politics and the Life Sciences, 38, 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pls.2019.3

2018

  • Bell, E., Kandler, C., & Riemann, R. (2018). Genetic and environmental influences on socio-political attitudes: Addressing some gaps in the new paradigm. Politics and the Life Sciences, 37, 236-249. https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2018.17
  • Zapko-Willmes, A., Riemann, R., & Kandler, C. (2018). Unravelling quasi-causal environmental effects via phenotypic and genetically informed multi-rater models: The case of differential parenting and authoritarianism. European Journal of Personality, 32, 233-253.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2144

 

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