The Maltese language | Il-lingwa Maltija
Maltese belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family and is counted among the Neo-Arabic varieties. It is a relatively close relative of Maghrebi Arabic. With about 450,000 native speakers, Maltese is a relatively small but not endangered language, which is the state language in Malta (along with English) and has also been one of the 27 working languages within the EU since 2004. Maltese is the only Semitic written language in Europe and, unlike many other Semitic languages, is written with a Latin-based alphabet script. In Malta, more or less pronounced multilingualism in the combinations of Maltese-English and Maltese-English-Italian is widespread, although nearly 98% of the population of Malta speaks Maltese as their mother tongue.
Around 1240, Maltese began its separate development away from other Arabic varieties to become a language in its own right, distinguished from its closest relatives by, among other things, the high degree of mainly Italo-Romance influences on phonology, lexicon and grammar. Since the late 15th century, there have been isolated written documents in Maltese, whose final (official) establishment as the language of Malta only took place in the period between the two world wars, when the language dispute between English, Maltese and Italian was decided to the disadvantage of Italian.
Within the traditionally philologically oriented Oriental studies (Semitic studies, Arabic studies), Maltese receives only limited attention, as it has to compete as an object of research with numerous other neo-Arabic varieties and the other subject canons of the disciplines. Its importance for general linguistic research beyond this philologically limited framework, therefore, demands that Maltese be given a forum reserved exclusively for it. Maltese is of the greatest interest to language contact research, among others, because its structure has a combination of Semitic and Romance components whose coexistence and interplay pose a challenge to contact linguistic theories and models. At the same time, there are still many gaps in knowledge in the descriptive-linguistic field, i.e. numerous phenomena of Maltese still have to be described for the first time or reinterpreted based on new findings. The dialectal structure of Maltese, its sociolinguistic differentiation, its standardisation and its linguistic-political position are fields of research that are just as rich in knowledge as the development of a distinct, non-native variety of English in Malta, which is referred to as Maltese English.
To enable linguists interested in Maltese to devote themselves adequately to these and other questions, the Malta Centre is making itself available as coordinator, organiser and host.
Il-Malti jaqa’ ta?t il-ferg?a Semitika tal-familja Afro-A?jatika u huwa mag?dud fost il-varjetajiet neo-G?arab. Huwa qarib relattivament qrib tal-G?arbi tal-Magreb. Illum il-?urnata, din il-lingwa hija relattivament ?g?ira i?da mhix fil-periklu li tintilef, tant, li hemm madwar 450,000 kelliema nattivi li jitkellmu bil-Malti. Hija wkoll il-lingwa tal-istat f'Malta (flimkien mal-Ingli?) u ilha wa?da mis-27 lingwa ta' ?idma komuni fl-UE sa mill-2004. Il-Malti hija l-unika lingwa Semitika miktuba fl-Ewropa u, kuntrarjament g?al ?afna lingwi Semiti?i o?ra, hija miktuba b’alfabett Latin. F’Malta, il-multilingwi?mu hu ftit jew wisq evidenti fil-kombinazzjonijiet ta’ Malti-Ingli? u Malti-Ingli?-Taljan li huma mifruxin sew, g?alkemm kwa?i 98% tal-popolazzjoni tag??el li titkellem bil-Malti b?ala l-ilsien matern tal-pajji?.
Madwar is-sena 1240, il-Malti beda jinqata’ minn varjetajiet G?arab o?ra u sar lingwa g?aliha, distinta mill-eqreb qraba tag?ha b’diversi modi, fosthom, il-grad g?oli ta' influwenzi Italo-Rumanzi fuq il-fonolo?ija, il-lessiku u l-grammatika. Sa mill-a??ar tas-seklu 15, bdew jitfa??aw dokumenti bil-miktub i?olati bil-Malti, lingwa li, finalment, ?iet stabbilita b’mod uffi??jali b?ala l-lingwa ta’ Malta fil-perjodu ta’ bejn i?-?ew? gwerer dinjija, meta ?iet de?i?a t-tilwima lingwistika bejn l-Ingli?, il-Malti u t-Taljan, bi ?vanta?? g?at-Taljan.
Fi ?dan l-istudji Orjentali tradizzjonalment orjentati lejn il-filolo?ija (studji Semiti?i, studji G?arab), il-Malti jir?ievi biss attenzjoni limitata, peress li, b?ala o??ett ta’ ri?erka, jrid jikkompeti ma’ bosta varjetajiet o?ra neo-G?arab u su??etti kanoni?i tad-dixxiplini l-o?ra. L-importanza tieg?u g?ar-ri?erka lingwistika ?enerali, lil hinn minn dan il-qafas filolo?ikament limitat, g?alhekk, jitlob li l-Malti jing?ata forum riservat g?alih b’mod esklussiv. Il-Malti huwa tal-akbar interess g?ar-ri?erka fil-qasam tal-kuntatt lingwistiku, fost o?rajn, g?aliex l-istruttura tieg?u g?andha ta?lita ta’ komponenti Semiti?i u Rumanzi li l-koe?istenza u l-interazzjoni tag?hom jo?olqu sfida fid-dawl ta’ teoriji u mudelli lingwisti?i stabbiliti. Fl-istess ?in, g?ad hemm ?afna xi jsir fil-qasam tal-lingwistika deskrittiva, ji?ifieri hemm numru ta’ fenomeni tal-Malti li g?ad iridu ji?u deskritti g?all-ewwel darba jew reinterpretati abba?i ta’ sejbiet ?odda. L-istruttura djalettali tal-Malti, id-differenzi so?jolingwisti?i tieg?u, l-istandardizzazzjoni tieg?u u l-po?izzjoni lingwistika-politika tieg?u huma oqsma ta’ ri?erka li huma g?onja fl-g?arfien daqs l-i?vilupp ta’ varjetà distinta, mhux nattiva tal-Ingli? f’Malta, li tissejja? Malti Ingli?.
Biex dawk il-lingwisti interessati fil-Malti jkunu jistg?u jiddedikaw ru?hom b’mod adegwat g?al dawn il-mistoqsijiet, u o?rajn, i?-?entru tal-Ilsien Malti huwa disponibbli li ja?ixxi b?ala koordinatur, organizzatur u ospitant skont il-?tie?a.
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